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Battle of Spercheios
The Battle of Spercheios ((ギリシア語:Μάχη του Σπερχειού), Bulgarian: битка при Сперхей) took place in 997 AD, on the shores of the Spercheios river near the city of Lamia in central Greece. It was fought between a Bulgarian army led by Tsar Samuil, that in the previous year had penetrated south into Greece, and a Byzantine army under the command of general Nikephoros Ouranos.〔Catherine Holmes, ''Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025)'', Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-927968-3, pp. 163-165, 196〕 The Byzantine victory virtually destroyed the Bulgarian army, and stopped its raids in the southern Balkans and Greece. The major historical source on the battle comes from Greek historian John Skylitzes whose ''Synopsis of Histories'' (Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν) contains a biography of the then reigning Byzantine Emperor, Basil II.
== Origins of the conflict ==
After the success of the Bulgarians in the Battle of the Gates of Trajan in 986, Byzantium descended into a civil war, further exacerbated by the conflict with the Fatimids in Syria. Tsar Samuil took advantage of the situation.〔''Стоименов'', Д., Временна византийска военна администрация в българските земи 971-987/989 г., ГСУ НЦСВП, т. 82 (2), 1988, с. 41-43, 55-56〕 He managed to seize many castles in the surroundings of Byzantium's second largest city, Thessalonica.〔Ангелов, Д., Чолпанов, Б., Българска военна история през Средновековието (X-XV век), Издателство на БАН, София 1994, с. 45〕 In 991 the Byzantines managed to capture Roman of Bulgaria but this did not stop Samuil who was now ''de facto'' the only emperor of Bulgaria. In 996 Samuil defeated the forces of the ''strategos'' of Thessalonica and marched to the south, eventually threatening Larissa and Corinth.〔''Божилов'', Ив., България в епохата на цар Самуил, с. 200, в: сп. Исторически преглед 1999, кн. 5-6〕
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